The laminar seabed thermal boundary layer forced by propagating and standing free-surface waves

A mathematical model is developed to investigate seabed heat transfer processes under long-crested ocean waves. The unsteady convection–diffusion equation for water temperature includes terms depending on the velocity field in laminar boundary layer, analogous mass near seabed. Here we consider regular progressive waves and standing reflected from a vertical structure, which complicate convective term governing equation. Rectangular Gaussian distributions of flux are considered. Approximate analytical solutions derived uniform trapezoidal currents, compared against predictions numerical solver full equations. effects source profile, location strength dynamics thermal layer explained, providing insights into forced convection mechanisms enhanced by free-surface